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Last week, TEDTalks celebrated our 50 millionth view by counting down the Top 10 TEDTalks of all time (so far) — and inviting people to share their own favorites. Here are a few:

My favorite is still Susan Savage-Rumbaugh and those bonobo apes.
— S.F., Boynton Beach, Florida

Stamets (mushrooms), Isabel Allende (passion), Dave Eggers (schools), and Ballard (ocean) — not to be missed.
— Marian Angele

Majora Carter’s talk on her environmental work in the Bronx.
— lydia chadwick

Majora Carter‘s is my absolute favorite!
— Ariel, a TED fan

I am dropping a line to say how much I enjoyed Aubrey de Grey’s speech on aging.
— Diana Pasley

I think Malcom Gladwell is that hidden gem.
— +Jono

I nominate Theo Jansen’s talk on creating new creatures as one of the “Hidden Gems.”
— Paul

If your own favorite TEDTalks aren’t on the Top 10 list yet — or you’d like to share your own hidden gems — write to us at [email protected] or post a comment.

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As usual, the TED community has lots of news to share this week. Below, some highlights.

A real-world test of basic income. Too often, humanitarian aid donations of food and materials, while well-intentioned, aren’t what the recipients actually need. But what about a different approach: giving people a basic income to spend however they like. GiveDirectly has announced plans for a pilot program for 6,000 rural Kenyans living in extreme poverty: cash transfers for 10 years, no strings attached. (The recipients, and the exact locations, are still being decided.) “Studies show school attendance and access to healthcare significantly improve when people receive cash. Recipients also tend to save or invest the money, which promotes income generation instead of reliance on food aid,” Lin Taylor writes for the Thomson Reuters Foundation News. (Watch former GiveDirectly COO Joy Sun’s TED Talk)  

The Food Revolution continues. On May 20, Jamie Oliver celebrated his fifth annual Food Revolution Day with an ode to the omelette. As he let chefs around the world take over his Facebook page with live demonstrations, he challenged food enthusiasts to create a recipe for a nutritious omelette that embodies their country. One food lover gave their omelette a Turkish spin with spicy sausage, while another created a “caprese omelette quesadilla” in honor of her Italian and Mexican heritage. (Watch Jamie’s TED Prize talk.)

Modern life’s toll on veterans of war. Sebastian Junger has put his life on the line to bring back reports from the front lines of wars around the world, but he stays closer to home in his latest book, investigating the challenges soldiers face when they return home. Out May 24, Tribe proposes that the challenges may not stem entirely from the war zones soldiers are coming back from, but also the societies they come back to. Junger’s proposition has startling implications not just for veterans, but for all of us, revealing an unexpected cost at the very heart of modern life. (Watch Sebastian’s TED Talk)

A citizen-funded star hunt. At TED2016, astronomer Tabetha Boyajian shared a tentative and surprising hypothesis: maybe the massive object –1,000 times bigger than the area of Earth — blocking light from star KIC 8462852 could, possibly, be an alien megastructure. Or a cloud of comets. Or something even weirder we haven’t seen yet. With the help of Planet Hunters, a group of citizen scientists who search for data patterns, Boyajian and her team got closer to cracking the mystery. Going further, she’s launched a Kickstarter campaign to help secure telescope time to unlock this curious secret about the most mysterious star in the galaxy. (Watch Tabetha’s TED Talk)

The history of the gene. The ability to read and edit genes is the culmination of centuries of thought, exploration and experimentation that began in the days of Aristotle. But the ability to do so asks as many questions as it answers about what it means to be human when we have the power to edit ourselves and the world around us. Released May 17, Siddhartha Mukherjee’s new book, The Gene, takes us on a journey back in time through the history of the gene, so we can look with clearer eyes to the future. (Watch Siddhartha’s TED Talk)

A poverty solution for America. On May 16, Acumen launched an initiative to tackle the problems faced by the 47 million Americans living in poverty. Founded by Jacqueline Novogratz in 2001, Acumen was among the first to fuse philanthropy and business, tackling poverty through investment in communities. Acumen will apply this model–honed by 15 years of experience–to address three areas of critical importance to America’s poorest people: health, workforce development and financial inclusion. (Watch Jacqueline’s TED Talk)

Acknowledgement of staggering achievement. On May 19, President Barack Obama awarded chemist and inventor Joseph DeSimone and biomedical inventor Robert Fischell each a National Medal of Technology and Innovation in the East Room of the White House. DeSimone has made numerous contributions to 3D printing, fluoropolymer synthesis, nano-biomaterials and green chemistry, among other fields. Fischell has invented medical devices like the rechargeable pacemaker, the implantable insulin pump and a neurostimulator that uses magnetic pulses to treat migraines. (Watch Robert’s TED Prize Talk and Joseph’s TED Talk).

The future of transportation is already here. Self-driving cars are the epitome of sci-fi dreams. But as David Pogue notes: many cars on the road already have self-driving features. In a Scientific American piece, Pogue walks through the features such as auto stop and go, parking assist and collision alerts that already exist. In another piece, Pogue investigates how self-driving technology, implemented in on-demand networks like Uber and Lyft, could revolutionize transportation and life in general. “Inexpensive robotic rides would mean there would be no particular reason to own a car. You’d never be late because you had to push the snow off the windshield or shovel your driveway… who will need driver’s ed or a driver’s license? And it won’t matter if you (or your parents) are too old, frail or disabled to drive; millions of homebound Americans will suddenly be liberated.” (Watch David’s TED Talk)

Have a news item to share? Write us at [email protected] and you may see it included in this weekly round-up.

 

We have all been there: standing in aisle five of the supermarket trying to decide which jar of mustard to buy. Do we go organic, or for the brand with whole mustard seeds? Or do we simply pick the one in the brightest yellow bottle?

In a fascinating talk at TEDxStanford, “Sometimes it’s good to give up the driver’s seat,” marketing professor Baba Shiv reveals that discomfort over making choices extends into medical decisions. Five years ago, Shiv’s wife was diagnosed with breast cancer.

“The most harrowing and agonizing part of the whole experience was that we were making decision after decision,” Shiv shares in his talk. “The wisdom of the ages is that when it comes to decisions of importance, it’s best to be in charge. But are there contexts where we’re far better off taking the passenger seat and having someone else drive?”

Shiv decided to test the theory on undergraduate students about to solve word puzzles. While one set of students was asked to chose between two teas — caffeinated or relaxing chamomile — the other group was told by the researchers which of the teas to drink. In the end, the students assigned a tea solved more puzzles than those who were given a choice. Shiv hypothesized that this is because making the choice allows a person to have doubt about their decision when faced with the prospect of immediate feedback.

Shiv’s thoughts on choice are counterintuitive. But his work is part of a growing body of research on choice. Below, more studies — many from TED speakers — which suggest that having a variety of options isn’t always what we need.

In a jam
TED speaker Sheena Iyengar, a professor at Columbia University, performed a classic experiment in the realm of choice studies in 1995. In the study — which she describes in her TEDTalk “How to Make Choosing Easier” — Iyengar presented shoppers in a gourmet market with a display of jams. At times, the display showed 24 varieties. At others, it included only six. Iyengar found that, yes, 60 percent of customers found themselves pulled to the large display while only 40 percent stopped at the small one. But with 24 possible options, consumers questioned themselves and only 3% made a jam purchase. At the small display, nearly a third of consumers who stopped by bought a jar of jam.

The pasta problem
Malcolm Gladwell also thinks extensively about choice, and in his riveting TEDTalk “Malcolm Gladwell on spaghetti sauce,” he describes a visionary who anticipated Iyengar’s findings more than a decade before they were made. Howard Moskowitz, a psychophysicist turned market researcher, was asked by Prego spaghetti sauce in the early ‘80s to help them revise their product line. And thus Moskowitz headed out on the road with 45 pasta sauces, asking thousands of Americans to rate each one. But, using knowledge gleaned from working for brands like Pepsi and Vlassic Pickles, Moskowitz recommended that — rather than offering a large number of the top-rated varieties — Prego look for simple trends in the data. In the end, Prego added to a single variety to its product line — extra chunky. The company made $600 million by giving consumers a targeted choice rather than unlimited options.

Life and death decisions
Like Shiv, Iyengar recently moved her focus onto the weighty decisions made in hospitals. In her TEDTalk “Sheena Iyengar on the Art of Choosing,” she describes a study conducted on parents in both France and the United States who’d been faced with the horrible decision to take their infant off of life support. In the United States, this decision rests on the parents. However, in France, this decision is made by medical professionals. Iyengar and her fellow researchers looked at how the parents felt a year after in both countries. They found that while American parents harbored hugely negative emotions about the experience, the French parents were more able to reframe the tragedy with statements like, “Noah was here for so little time, but he taught us so much.” Still, American parents felt strongly that they would not have wanted their doctors to make the decision.

Financial times
In his blockbuster TEDTalk “Barry Schwartz on the paradox of choice,” the Swarthmore College professor quotes a study conducted by Iyengar and Emir Kamenica.  The pair looked at the retirement savings choices made by half a million employees through the Vanguard Group. Analyzing the data, the pair found that for every 10 additional funds offered to an employee, the chances that an employee would invest in none of the above increased by 2.87%. Schwartz explained the significance in his talk. “With 50 funds to choose from, it’s so damn hard to decide which fund to choose that you’ll just put it off until tomorrow. And then tomorrow, and then tomorrow,” he said. “By not participating, they are passing up as much as $5,000 a year from the employer.”

Mo’ money, mo’ problems
Schwartz mentions another favorite study in his talk, from independent analysis done by David G. Myers of Hope College and Robert E. Lane of Yale University. In looking at market data, the two found that — even though the gross domestic product had doubled in the United States over a 30-year period — the proportion of the population describing themselves as “very happy” had declined by about 5 percent. This doesn’t sound like a huge shift, but the translation shows the significance: when given far more choice in life, 14 million Americans reported feeling less happy than their peers 30 years before.

Some chewy food for thought this week on the Internets:

The host of the blog Ask a Korean! responds to a chapter in Malcolm Gladwell’s Outliers that links culture to frequency of plane crashes. (Watch an unrelated talk from Gladwell here.) Read the original post here and some updates here, which includes Gladwell’s response to the criticism. [Ask a Korean!]

Being cynical is awesome, says Julian Baggini. It’s the optimists who are too cynical about cynicism. [Guardian]

The cultural divide isn’t between scientists and humanities scholars; it’s between farmers and everyone else. [Aeon]

With their astounding built-in compasses and clocks, other animals put human transportation methods to shame. Ugh, MTA. [Nautilus]

Elon Musk’s high-speed loop reminds us of the secret 30-year history of the Alameda-Weehawken Burrito Tunnel. [Idle Words]

 

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The TED community has been very busy over the past few weeks. Below, some newsy highlights.

121 years of celebrating art. Originally an art exhibition, the Venice Biennale is a tradition stretching back to 1895 and has expanded over the years to include events for music, theater, film, dance and architecture. Opening on May 28, the 15th International Architecture Exhibition is curated by Alejandro Aravena, winner of the 2016 Pritzker Prize. Under the theme “Reporting from the Front”, the exhibition will explore architecture’s importance beyond aesthetics and prestige, presenting its ability to address urgent human needs, a theme that is no surprise given Aravena’s career eschewing high-profile projects for those solving social problems. You can also find Vik Muniz’s arts-oriented school, built in one of Rio’s favelas and featuring artwork by fellow TED speaker JR, and Kevin Slavin’s art installation based on his research mapping the microbiomes of cities using bees. (Watch Alejandro, Vik, JR, and Kevin’s TED Talks)

Mental health and the global agenda. China and India are two of the world’s most populous countries, and both are in the throes of seismic demographic and epidemiologic shifts. Something else they have in common: less than 10 percent of people receive mental health care. A new series of studies, including Vikram Patel’s paper in The Lancet, explores the state of their mental health systems, and The New York Times draws on this latest research to highlight the international effort to put mental health at the center of the global health agenda. This effort could also involve collaboration with non-Western medical practices, including acupuncture, yoga and Ayurvedic medicine. (Watch Vikram’s TED Talk)

Trompe l’oeil. The Louvre Pyramid is an iconic Paris landmark, but to viewers between May 25 and June 27, it will seem to have disappeared. The Louvre invited street artist and TED Prize winner JR to cover the Pyramid in one of his photographic collages. It took several days and a crew of six to install the exhibition, which entailed pasting images of the buildings behind each side of the pyramid onto each glass side, so that the pyramid, viewed from the correct angles, would appear to vanish. The installation explores what the museum would look like without the pyramid, which was widely criticized upon construction but has become one of Paris’ most photographed landmarks. (Watch JR’s TED Talk)

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An inside look at Uber surge pricing. It’s late, raining, and you just want to catch an Uber home, but a dreaded notification pops up that prices are surging, the bane of Uber users everywhere. On NPR’s Hidden Brain podcast, Keith Chen, now the head of Uber’s Economic Research, enlightens listeners on the inner workings of surge pricing. Expect to learn things like why you may be more likely to take an Uber at 2.1x than 2.0x surge pricing, and why a rainy day may mean fewer taxis and more Ubers on the road. (Watch Keith’s TED Talk)

A prize for wooden architecture. Michael Green has won Canada’s Governor General’s Medal in Architecture for 2016. The award, one of 12 given this year, recognizes Green’s firm Wood Innovation and Design Centre and their innovative and sustainable forms of wood production. In Green’s TED Talk, he pointed out what makes building with wood so unique, “Just like snowflakes, no two pieces of wood can ever be the same anywhere on Earth. I like to think that wood gives Mother Nature fingerprints in our buildings. It’s Mother Nature’s fingerprints that make our buildings connect us to nature in the built environment.” (Watch Michael’s TED Talk)

A humanitarian response to climate change. On May 20, Secretary General Ban Ki-Moon announced that Mary Robinson and Macharia Kamau have been appointed Special Envoys on El Niño and Climate. The appointment comes on the heels of severe drought and flooding in regions of Africa, Central America and the Pacific caused by El Niño, and looming threats of severe weather events caused by climate change — and both will hit poor communities the hardest. As Special Envoy, Robinson will be able to continue her quest for climate justice. (Watch Mary’s TED Talk)

A web of crime in Rio’s favelas. In The New York Times Book Review, Edward Dolnick reviews Misha Glenny’s Nemesis: One Man and the Battle for Rio, a true account of how an ordinary man became the king of Rio de Janeiro’s biggest slum and leader of a notorious drug cartel. Peeling back the layers of corruption and violence, Glenny chronicles a complex, twisting world with journalistic precision and care. “He is at his best in a quieter voice, sorting out why the police cannot simply swoop into a favela and arrest Mr. Big, and how street lookouts work and, especially, how a smart young Brazilian with a sick baby could transform himself into a crime lord,” Dolnick reflects. (Watch Misha’s TED Talk)

Have a news item to share? Write us at [email protected] and you may see it included in this weekly round-up.

Naheed-Nenshi

When Naheed Nenshi spoke at TEDxCalgary, he was a university professor. Now, he’s the mayor of Calgary.

In May of 2010, just a month after giving a TEDx talk, Nenshi launched a successful campaign for mayor—one dubbed the “purple revolution” because of his aim to bring together conservative red and liberal blue. He won the election by a commanding lead, becoming Canada’s first Muslim mayor in the process. In 2013, the former consultant and media commentator—whose academic research focused on civic engagement—ran for re-election. This time, he captured 74% of the vote with the Toronto Star describing him as “wildly popular.”

Nenshi traces his decision to run for office back to being asked to give a TEDx talk.

“I was doing research on neighborhoods in Calgary and how they were becoming more segregated—by income, by age and by ethnicity,” he says. “I thought that the TED environment would be a great way to present some of my research, visually.“

Hans Rosling: The best stats you've ever seen
Hans Rosling: The best stats you’ve ever seen

Nenshi was inspired by the talks of Hans Rosling. “He did a great talk in 2006 which used visualizations to talk about poverty and health and development in a way I’d never seen before,” says Nenshi. “I thought, ‘Can I do a mini-version of that?’”

Nenshi worked hard to create maps that illuminated the problems that arise with increasingly segregated neighborhoods. He also crafted a powerful, conversational talk that underlined the idea.

It worked—his talk was a hit TEDxCalgary, which was held in late April of 2010. “The analytic lens he put on our city was fresh, new and hadn’t been heard,” remembers curator Rahim Sajan. “People surrounded him during the breaks.”

But the talk really began to take off when it was posted on YouTube.

“It became quite the phenomenon online. The filming was done from the most unflattering angle possible, so I try not to look at it myself—but it was huge,” says Nenshi. “To this day, I still see people tweet it, and say, ‘Before he was mayor, he had some interesting things to say.’”

About three months before TEDxCalgary, the then-mayor of the city had announced that he wasn’t seeking re-election. Nenshi had started talking to assorted community leaders, trying to convince them to run for office. “I kept striking out,” he says.

However, after his TEDx talk went online, the tone of these conversations changed. “People would say, ‘Politics isn’t for me, but why don’t you do it? I saw the TEDx video. You clearly have a lot of good ideas about the development of cities,’” he remembers. “I kept saying, ‘No, no, no. I’m a professor, I’m a consultant.’ I thought of myself as the ideas guy—the person who would try to influence the people in office—not as the guy actually shaking the hands and kissing the babies.”

Still, Nenshi started toying with the idea of running for mayor himself. And in late May, about a month after his TEDx experience, he decided to make his campaign official. However, the team of advisors he’d assembled to consider the run thought he needed an alternative strategy to the traditional press conference.

“We didn’t have enough time to put together a typical campaign rally, with balloons and streamers and hundreds of people in a room,” says Nenshi. “So on a Thursday morning at 9 a.m., I sent out a Twitter and a Facebook message saying, ‘I’m running.’ Then, for the entire day, we gave a 45-minute exclusive, one-on-one interview to any media who would talk to me.”

This strategy meant that instead of a single story about his campaign, each reporter focused coverage in a different direction. Nenshi felt that this gave a rounder, more realistic introduction to him as a potential mayor.

Nenshi was surprised by how many of the people he met through TEDxCalgary jumped in to help with his campaign. Sajan became one of his key volunteers, and co-organizer Jonathan Perkins became Nenshi’s fundraising chair. “Many, many, many people who were in the theater that day came out to assist, whether it was knocking on doors, or delivering leaflets, or helping us think through policy,” says Nenshi.

Attendee Chris Hsiung (who’d later become TEDxCalgary’s creative director) teamed up with singer Amy Thiessen, who’d performed at the event that year, to create a music video for Nenshi’s campaign. Meanwhile, one of the guys who filmed the TEDxCalgary talk, Gordon McDowell, took on the role of documentarian.

“At one of my campaign launch events, a fellow showed up with a camcorder in his hand, and a couple of little Flip Cams and T-bolt clamps that you would get at the hardware store. He approached the volunteer on duty and said, ‘Can I film the candidate’s speech?’” remembers Nenshi. “I didn’t know who this guy was, so I asked him, ‘Who are you?’ He said, ‘I filmed you at TEDx. I was so inspired by what you said that I decided to get more involved. So I’m filming different candidates.’”

These recordings helped Nenshi’s campaign get traction online—vital, since there were 19 candidates in the mayoral race.

“At the end of the campaign, it became clear that there were only three candidates who could win. The public was clamoring for a debate between us, but the other two candidates kept refusing to do a three-way debate,” says Nenshi. “So Gordon took all his video of all the 34 debates we’d had already, and he spliced the three of us into a YouTube video. Citizens could watch, so they could compare and contrast. He created a virtual debate.”

For Nenshi, election night was surreal. While he’d analyzed many of them over the years, he’d never been personally involved.

“Our campaign headquarters was too small for the election-night party, so we booked a bar,” says Nenshi. “When you’re a candidate, you have an army of scrutineers at the polling stations and the moment that the polls are counted, they phone in with results. The candidate usually knows what’s going on before anyone else. However, I was at this hot, sweaty bar saying thank you to the volunteers. I was surrounded by people. I didn’t have any access to the scrutineer numbers.”

The bar was loud, and Nenshi couldn’t hear what was being said on the television screens overhead. “I see my campaign manager being interviewed at campaign headquarters, looking awfully happy for the fact that I was trailing badly in the early results. Then I see my sister looking very emotional,” he recalls. “I had been a pundit before and sat on lots of election-night panels, so kind of knew how to read things. One poll came in, and it showed the results changing significantly. I was still in third place, but very close. I realized that was the first of the polls from that actual day that had been counted—everything up to that moment had been advance polls.”

He had a strong intuition about what was about to happen. “I thought, ‘Oh my gosh. The next data release is going to show me in the lead. I’m going to win. And I’ve got about three minutes to figure out what I’m going to say, because this bar is going to collectively lose its mind.’”

Nenshi turned to a friend, and mouthed to him the words: I think I won. Nenshi remembers, “He points at his phone, and says, ‘I know! They’ve been sending me the numbers!’ They sent them to him, but not to me.”

As expected, the next update had Nenshi in the lead. He stayed there until the election was called.

A look at the Calgary skyline. Photo: iStockphoto

A look at the Calgary skyline. Photo: iStockphoto

Sajan remembers the excitement of that night well. “I was ecstatic—over the moon,” he says. “I had never been involved in politics before, other then in student government, and what an introduction to politics it was! His election was a watershed moment for our city and I remember walking on cloud nine. As a TEDx organizer, I felt incredibly good that our work had been a small force in his election.”

Nenshi says that the through-line of his campaign was getting everyday people involved—and that he’s pulled that idea into his mayorship.

“Politicians talk to citizens in sound bites, but citizens are actually very keen on engaging more deeply. They want politics in full sentences,” says Nenshi. “All the stuff I talked about [in the campaign]—about how we could do politics in a different way, about talking to people like functional members of the conversation, about taking bold steps that let people into the decision-making process—in the almost three-and-a-half years since I’ve been mayor, people have responded to that.”

Another core part of his mayorship has been rolling back the segregation of Calgary’s neighborhoods—the theme of his TEDx talk. “We want to continue to develop mixed communities. That means that new suburban neighborhoods are being built to accommodate people at different life-stages—at different levels of pricing,” he says. “And our work in redeveloping existing neighborhoods is aimed at redevelopment without gentrification, to make sure that the neighborhoods remain welcoming to people from a variety of backgrounds.”

Calgary’s city government is enormous—according to Nenshi, because of its uni-city structure, it is actually the 10th largest city government in North America. As mayor, Nenshi leads 17,000 employees.

“I learned very early on that when we started talking about openness and cutting red tape and allowing people to do their jobs with the focus on citizens, the front-line employees totally got it,” he says. “It was almost like the weight had been lifted off their shoulders.”

Sanjan, for one, has been very impressed watching Nenshi lead the city. “From his push toward a more walkable city to zoning changes that allow for more holistic neighborhoods, he has stayed true to the spirit and tone of his talk,” says Sajan.

That said, Sajan still apologizes to Nenshi for the quality of his talk video. “I know the sound was not very good,” he says, “We know what we’re doing much better now.”

MalcolmGladwell_Q&AFor 3000 years, the story of David and Goliath has seeped into our cultural consciousness. This is generally how the tale is told: a young shepherd does battle with a giant warrior and, using nothing but a slingshot, comes out victorious. But is this really what the Bible describes?

Malcolm Gladwell: The unheard story of David and Goliath
Malcolm Gladwell: The unheard story of David and Goliath

In today’s talk, Malcolm Gladwell — whose new book is titled David and Goliath: Underdogs, Misfits and the Art of Battling Giants — takes a closer look at this classic story, digging into the details which are easily lost on a modern audience. Overall, he asks: was David really the underdog in this fight? It all begins with a closer look at that sling (which is not the toy slingshot we might picture), and at the five rocks David picked up to use in it.

“The term ‘David and Goliath’ has entered our language as a metaphor for improbable victories by some weak party over someone far stronger,” says Gladwell in this talk. “Everything I thought I knew about that story turned out to be wrong.”

Fascinated to hear more, the TED Blog called Gladwell to unravel why the underdog story has such resonance and why rethinking David and Goliath is important now. (As a bonus, we also asked him what pasta sauce he prefers.) An edited transcript of the conversation follows.

How were you first introduced to the story of David and Goliath?

My mother read me biblical stories at night. And it’s funny, this was not my favorite — my favorite story was Daniel in the lions’ den. It’s a similar kind of story — at least, it’s a seemingly impossible encounter that turns out differently because of one party’s faith. I was drawn to these kind of stories from the very beginning.

What made you decide to zoom in on David and Goliath? What showed you this story was something you wanted to explore further?

I started with it because it’s the original myth, right? It’s where the whole idea of underdogs comes from — it’s all shaped by this extraordinary, memorable encounter between these two guys thousands of years ago. So originally, I just wanted to kind of reference it, and then move on. But the more I thought about it, the more interesting it became. I began to dig around and I just uncovered all of these fascinating facts — both about David and about Goliath — that really radically changed my understanding of what happened that day in the Valley of Elah.

What was the radical change?

Well, I don’t want to give away the talk, but I will say this: that Goliath is not what we think he is in a profoundly crucial way. The thing that makes Goliath seem strong is the source of his greatest weakness. This is something that was hinted at in the original accounts of the battle of David and Goliath, and that has been confirmed more recently by modern scholars. And David is also not what you think he is. Part of what’s fascinating is how many scholars, particularly Israeli scholars throughout history, have been fascinated by this story and written accounts of what exactly David’s weapon was. And we now understand that his weapon was not a child’s toy. It was a devastating weapon. So devastating, in fact, that the minute he decided to use a sling against Goliath, the tables were turned. He’s not the underdog anymore.

Once you understand that Goliath is much weaker than you think he is, and David has superior technology, then you say: why do we tell the story the way we do? It becomes, actually, a far more meaningful and important story in its retelling than in the kind of unsophisticated way we’ve done it for, I think, too long.

Why does the way we’ve traditionally told this story have such appeal?

The appeal of the story is the boy gets the giant, right? The outsider against the insider. So that remains unchanged in the retelling. But I think what we did was that we were content with a certain explanation of the story. It seemed to us more romantic to imagine that David’s victory was wholly improbable whereas I think that any contemporary of David’s — had they been watching the duel that day on the valley floor — the minute David takes out the sling, they would all have said David was the favorite.

The closer you read the biblical account, the more you realize that the authors of the original account have a pretty sophisticated understanding of what’s going on. There’s all kinds of references to Goliath that do not square with the unsophisticated way we’ve read that story. We’re a long way from ancient Palestine. We have lost some of the nuances that would have been obvious to someone in that era.

Why do you think the idea of the underdog has such appeal?

Because it makes the world seem just. If the strongest win all the battles, there’s no hope for the rest of us, is there? If the same people who have all the power and all the money and all the authority are also going to win every contest, what’s the point of going on for the rest of us? So the underdog story gives all of us who are not on top hope. Occasionally we do get to come out on top. I think that is profoundly true, that’s what the underdog is all about.

Which do you think is stronger: the desire to root for the underdog, or the desire to be with the winning team?

Well, I think this is one of those contradictions that we carry around in our heads without ever fully resolving. We want both. We want to be on the winning side, and we also want to root for the underdog. I think it makes sense. I mean, if I can be in the position of power, I’d like to have that. If not, I’d like to be the underdog, you know? It’s a kind of fallback position that we have.

The underdog winning is the romantic position. Like I said, it’s the one that gives us hope. But the minute we acquire resources, wealth and authority, we want very much to believe that those things which we’ve earned will prove to be decisive in any contest. We begin to increase our faith in those measures of results.

Why do you think it’s important that we rethink this myth now? What is it about our current time that demands it?

This book is really about power. Where does advantage lie? These questions are at the center of everything from the wars that we fight overseas, to the way we educate children, to the way we fight crime at home, to the way we understand disabilities. There’s almost no part of public policy that isn’t touched by this kind of understanding. If you’re trying to build the most advantageous educational system, what does that look like? Well, that definition depends a lot on how you define advantage. If you think advantage lies in resources, then you think the best educational system is the one that spends the most money. If you’re with David and you think, actually no, having audacity and a fresh perspective are better than being big and powerful, then you might reach a very different conclusion. So I think these are very, very relevant questions for the world we live in.

Can you maybe give an example of something — a corporation, a person, a government — that we define as a Goliath that retelling this story might help us rethink?

Well, the United States. What this book tells you is that Goliaths have more weaknesses than you think. I think that would help people to understand why the foreign policy objectives of the United States have been so difficult to accomplish in recent years. Why we had such a hard time in Vietnam, and again in Iraq and now in Afghanistan? These are countries that we dwarf — they are a fraction of our size. And still, we struggle to achieve our objectives there. I think this book will help people understand why. That just because you’re big and strong doesn’t mean you can do what you want.

We’re very interested in ideas in our office, and are curious: how do you know when you’ve stumble upon something that you want to really dig into?

You’re taking a massive gamble. You’re hoping it pans out. Whenever you start something, you only have a tiny glimpse of how interesting it could be. You’re really acting on faith. And you trust that you could find hidden angles and unlocked doors and all kinds of things that can flesh out that idea. And sometimes you can’t. If you lose your way, you have to fight your way back. It’s complicated, but I have been doing this for long enough now that I think my instincts are pretty good. I don’t worry as much as I did when I was much younger. I know I authors always say that their most current book is their favorite, but this is really my favorite.
Malcolm Gladwell: Choice, happiness and spaghetti sauce
Malcolm Gladwell: Choice, happiness and spaghetti sauce

I think there’s more fascinating and weird stuff in this book than in my previous books. I’m really happy with it.

This is a question we’ve all wondered since your last talk, Choice, happiness and spaghetti sauce. Which pasta sauce do you prefer?

I make my own. I never buy store pasta sauce, but I do like my pasta sauce thick and hearty, so I know which one I would choose if I had to.

Dan Gilbert: The surprising science of happiness
Dan Gilbert: The surprising science of happiness

And is there a TED Talk that comes to mind that you’d love everyone to watch at least once?

There are so many. One of the old standards: Dan Gilbert’s talks over the years have stayed with me. I think he has done a better job than almost anyone of making academic work accessible and useful to people. I really think that his talks on happiness have actually changed lives. I think that people who see them, many of them went away and were happier as a result. If you can do that, man, that’s a great thing.

Siyanda Mohutsiwa speaks at TED2016 - Dream, February 15-19, 2016, Vancouver Convention Center, Vancouver, Canada. Photo: Bret Hartman / TED

Siyanda Mohutsiwa started a Pan-African conversation with a hashtag. She spoke onstage at TED2016 on Thursday, February 18, 2016. Photo: Bret Hartman / TED

Host Gerry Garbulsky has a feeling that this may be the session with “the most heavy accents” in TED history. The organizer of TEDxRiodelaPlata in Buenos Aires, Argentina, Garbulsky curated each speaker in his session because they’ve given a TEDx talk he loved. With speakers from Botswana, Brazil and Hungary, these ideas are truly without borders.

Recaps of the talks in Session 10, “The Dreams that Define Us,” in chronological order.

How we show our mental state in words. “Historical records let us know how ancient Greeks lived,” says neuroscientist Mariano Sigman. “But how did they think?” Sigman sees the writings of any culture as “fossils of human thought,” and shares a theory from 1970s psychologist Julian Jaynes, who suggested that “only 3000 years ago, humans were what we’d call today schizophrenic,” Sigman recounts. They heard voices from gods and muses, “what today, we’d call hallucinations.” Only later did they realize those voices were their own inner thoughts. But Sigman mapped the words in ancient Greek texts, using an algorithm that clustered words that tend to appear in the same documents and paragraphs. He found that, between the time of the Iliad and Aristotle, the Greeks moved about five times closer to the idea of introspection. Word mapping can give hints at people’s inner life in the present, too. Sigman analyzed the speech of 34 young people at high risk of schizophrenia, and developed an algorithm that could predict who would develop the psychosis. It looked not at the words themselves, but at how fast they jumped between related clusters. “We may be seeing in the future a very different form of mental health,” he says.

Uniting a continent with social media. When her hashtag #IfAfricaWasABar went viral, writer Siyanda Mohutsiwa triggered a discussion of serious African issues. People from across the continent used the hashtag to criticize governments and make fun of stereotypes. Most important, they used it to connect over their shared Africanness. “We had before us, between us, at our fingertips, a platform that just needed a small spark to light in us a hunger for each other,” she says. As the product of two different African countries — her mother is from Swaziland, her father is from Botswana — Mohutsiwa describes herself as a Pan-Africanist by birth. Twitter proved a perfect outlet to express her interest in identity, and she loved interacting with vibrant people from Nigeria, Kenya, Guinea and elsewhere. Now, her dream is for a social Pan-Africanism, for young Africans who have brilliant ideas to stop allowing borders and circumstance to suffocate innovation. “Access to social networks is giving young Africans access to something we always had to violently take: A voice,” she says. “African pain and African aspiration can be witnessed by those who empathize with it the most — other Africans.”

A childlike approach to dinner. We’re taking life too seriously. One object with one obvious utility can be turned on its side for a lot more fun. Musical instrument maker Linsey Pollak stands on stage playing a bagpipe made of a rubber glove. “We can choose a different way of looking at the world,” says Pollak. With that he takes out a large carrot and says, “Let’s use a little bit of childlike curiosity.” He slices off the top and tip of the carrot, drills through it to make a tube and six thumb holes, then sticks a funnel and mouthpiece on either end, and voilà. An instant new use for dinner.

Linsey Pollak speaks at TED2016 - Dream, February 15-19, 2016, Vancouver Convention Center, Vancouver, Canada. Photo: Bret Hartman / TED

That thing Linsey Pollak is playing? It’s like 65% carrot. He performed at TED2016 on Thursday, February 18, 2016. Photo: Bret Hartman / TED

Giving checkmate is always fun. From a young age, Judit Polgár’s parents wanted her to be a genius. They got their wish. By age seven Polgár was playing chess against 15 opponents simultaneously — and beating them all. “Chess became a native language for me,” she says. At age 12, she represented Hungary as part of the women’s team at the Chess Olympiad, winning the gold medal for the first time. Afterwards, world champion Garry Kasparov said he had no doubt Polgár would become the number one female player in the world, but he doubted she would ever be able to challenge him. Years later, when Polgár got her chance to face Kasparov, she proved him wrong. Polgár is regarded as the strongest female chess player in history, and she retired from competitive chess in 2014. Now she has a new dream: to see chess taught in every elementary school worldwide. To Polgár, chess is not just game or sport — it’s a real educational tool.

What happens when children lie? For the last 20 years, Kang Lee has been playing guessing games with children all over the world. For science! The developmental researcher studies what happens physiologically to children when they lie—because apparently, they do it a lot, starting as young as two years old, and are really good at it. (We shouldn’t worry, says Lee, as the ability to lie requires skills of empathy and self-control, which all functioning adults need.) He says that his research shows adults can’t guess whether children are lying—but he’s working on a way to change that: he uses transdermal optical imaging to study and predict subtle blood flows of the face, which are hidden below the neutral expressions of lying children. What he’s found is that when we lie, blood flow decreases in the cheeks and increases in the nose. The tool could have other sweeping applications, says Lee, for education, health care, marketing, even dating.

The real colors of our skin. As a girl, Brazilian artist Angélica Dass felt confused about color. “I was made of flesh, but I wasn’t pink,” she says. “My skin was brown, and people said I was black.” As an adult, Dass wanted to create a visual system to catalogue all of the world’s many, many skin tones — and so she created Humanae, “the pursuit of our true colors.” Read how this Pantone for skin tones took shape in a full recap of her talk.

Kang Lee speaks at TED2016 - Dream, February 15-19, 2016, Vancouver Convention Center, Vancouver, Canada. Photo: Bret Hartman / TED

Every kid has tried to lie … Kang Lee studies why and how. He spoke onstage at TED2016 on Thursday, February 18, 2016. Photo: Bret Hartman / TED

TEDSummit logo

The number is 110: One hundred and ten past and new TED speakers are part of our newest conference, TEDSummit, happening in Banff, Canada, 26–30 June 2016.

And you are invited to join us!

Some of the most popular TED speakers of all time, including Dan Pink, David Gallo, Esther Perel, Kelly and Jane McGonigal, Pico Iyer and dozens more will be joined by brand-new voices including food innovator Josh Tetrick, forest biologists Suzanne Simard, environmental writer Emma Marris, energy experts Joe Lassiter and Michael Shellenberger, blockchain researcher Bettina Warburg, global affairs writer Jonathan Tepperman, empathy scientist Abigail Marsh and more.

About half of these speakers will take the stage to give major TED Talks on topics ranging from advanced digital technologies to climate change to surveillance and transparency … from relationships to brain microscopy … from trust to what humans might look like in 200 years

These 110 speakers will also join — and often lead — workshops and participatory sessions. Look, among the more than 100 sessions, for workshops on the ethics of artificial intelligence, and on the fragility of global megacities … brainstorms on what the TED community might do to help confront the refugee crisis, or on the idea of a female utopia … master classes on social storytelling and on how to think like a scientist … a walk in the woods guided by a forest biologist … even a hands-on genetic manipulation lab.

And there will be planned and unplanned surprises, and of course, outdoor activities in the gorgeous scenery of the Canadian Rocky Mountains.

There are a few seats left to attend TEDSummit. You can find more information and apply here.

And here is the full list of past and new TED speakers who have confirmed their participation in TEDSummit 2016 (subject to change):

Alessandro Acquisti, Privacy economist
Esra’a Al Shafei, Human rights activist
Monica Araya, Activist
Tasso Azevedo, Forester, sustainability activist
Julia Bacha, Filmmaker
Uldus Bakhtiozina, Photographer, visual artist
Benedetta Berti, International policy analyst
Alexander Betts, Refugee scholar
Laila Biali, Musician
Rachel Botsman, Sharing innovator
Laura Boushnak, Photographer
Ed Boyden, Neuroengineer
Steve Boyes, Explorer
Jennifer Bréa, Filmmaker
Erik Brynjolfsson, Innovation researcher
Kitra Cahana, Journalist and conceptual artist
Daniela Candillari, Musician
Jason Clay, Market transformer
Angélica Dass, Photographer
Abe Davis, Computer scientist
Dan Dennett, Philosopher, cognitive scientist
Jamie Drummond, Anti-poverty activist
R. Luke DuBois, Artist, composer, engineer
Zak Ebrahim, Peace activist
Hasan Elahi, Privacy artist
Juan Enriquez, Futurist
Helen Fisher, Anthropologist; expert on love
Melissa Fleming, Voice for refugees
David Gallo, Oceanographer
Casey Gerald, American
Anand Giridharadas, Author
Michael Green, Social progress expert
Michael Green, Architect
Brian Greene, Physicist
Johann Hari, Journalist
Sam Harris, Neuroscientist and philosopher
Gary Haugen, Human rights attorney
Lesley Hazleton, Accidental theologist
Celeste Headlee, Writer and radio host
Margaret Heffernan, Management thinker
Hugh Herr, Bionics designer
Erik Hersman, Blogger, technologist
Hays + Ryan Holladay, Musical artists
John Hunter, Educator
Jedidah Isler, Astrophysicist
Pico Iyer, Global author
Meg Jay, Clinical psychologist
Ellen Jorgensen, Biologist and community science advocate
Sarah Kay, Poet
Kevin Kelly, Digital visionary
Matt Kenyon, New media artist
Ken Lacovara, Paleontologist
David Lang, Maker
Joe Lassiter, Energy scholar
Tim Leberecht, Marketer
Monica Lewinsky, Social activist
Rebecca MacKinnon, Media activist
Pia Mancini, Democracy activist
Emma Marris, Environmental writer
Abigail Marsh, Psychologist
Jane McGonigal, Game designer
Kelly McGonigal, Health psychologist
Lee Mokobe, Poet
Robert Muggah, Megacities expert
Michael Murphy, Designer
Ethan Nadelmann, Drug policy reformer
Iyeoka Okoawo, Singer
Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, Economist
Dan Pallotta, Charity defender
Amanda Palmer, Musician
Sarah Parcak, Space archaelogist, TED Prize winner
Eli Pariser, Organizer and author
Vikram Patel, Mental health care advocate
Esther Perel, Relationship therapist
Dan Pink, Career analyst
Will Potter, Investigative journalist
Navi Radjou, Innovation strategist
Shai Reshef, Education entrepreneur
Usman Riaz, Percussive guitarist
Joshua Roman, Cellist
Jon Ronson, Writer and filmmaker
Martine Rothblatt, Transhumanist
Juliana Rotich, Tech entrepreneur
Louie Schwartzberg, Filmmaker
eL Seed, Calligraffiti artist
Bill Sellanga, Musician
Graham Shaw, Communication coach
Michael Shellenberger, Climate policy expert
Michael Shermer, Skeptic
Suzanne Simard, Forest biologist
Ernesto Sirolli, Sustainable development expert
Kevin Slavin, Algoworld expert
Christopher Soghoian, Privacy researcher + activist
Andrew Solomon, Writer
Malte Spitz, Politician and data activist
Daniel Suarez, Sci-fi author
Pavan Sukhdev, Environmental economist
Ilona Szabo de Carvalho, Policy reformer
Don Tapscott, Digital strategist
Anastasia Taylor-Lind, Documentary photographer
Marco Tempest, Techno-illusionist
Jonathan Tepperman, Editor, Foreign Affairs
Josh Tetrick, Food innovator
Julian Treasure, Sound consultant
Zeynep Tufekci, Techno-sociologist
Sherry Turkle, Cultural analyst
James Veitch, Comedian and writer
Robert Waldinger, Psychiatrist, psychoanalyst and Zen priest
Bettina Warburg, Blockchain researcher

Patrice Thompson speaks at TED@State Street salon at Troxy, November 18, 2014, London, England.

At TED@StateStreet, Patrice Thompson shares how two generations with very different ideals can work together effectively. Photo: Paul Sanders/TED

From anti-jargon campaigns to how Gen X and Gen Y can collaborate, TED@StateStreet highlighted ideas to inspire leaders at every level. This TED Institute event, held in London on November 18, showcased speakers from both inside and outside the financial services company. Throughout, the focus was on innovative thinking in work culture.

Below, quotes worth sharing from each of the TED@StateStreet talks:

“The quality of our conversations matter. Great achievements only come after great conversations.” —John O’Leary, communications advocate 

“We don’t need to reinvent the wheel. We have the rim, the hub and the spokes — we just need to put them together.” —Paul O’Connell, economist

“Big social changes can start with seemingly small, mundane actions.” —Christina Balch, selfie artist

“Imagine if your life were defined by the thing you were most ashamed of. What skills and talents would the world miss out on?” —Alexander McLean, TED Fellow

“What I’d always thought was simply a personal matter, I now see has a ripple effect out into the workplace and community. If I don’t share who I really am, I may be inadvertently contributing to an atmosphere of discrimination.” —Morgana Bailey, Human Resources activist

“Here are three ways to improve your communication: 1) Know your audience. 2) Know what you’re trying to say. 3) Get to the point, and do it quickly.” —Thea Knight, anti-jargon crusader

“No one is denying there’s a global education problem. How can we fix it?” —Todd Gershkowitz, education disruptor

What's in a name? More than you think, says Cynthia Win at TED@StateStreet. Photo: Paul Sanders/TED

What’s in a name? More than you think, says Cynthia Win at TED@StateStreet. Photo: Paul Sanders/TED

“We have to change the dialogue on immigration. Immigration is a catalyst, a vital force. It is a social good that makes communities more interesting.” —Tim Graf, global soul

“It took me 32 interviews to get one job. The most important thing I learned? Persistence, persistence, persistence.” —Ashwini Mrinal Bhagat, company culturist

“How can companies improve employee engagement across generations? Three ways: 1) Encourage more collaborative projects, 2) Cross-train staff on different roles, and 3) Recognize and reward valuable ideas.” —Patrice Thompson, generational diplomat

“I am drawn to ghost towns. I always wonder, how many ghost towns are we in the process of creating today?” —Abbey Williams, ghost town explorer

“Shakespeare — financier, poet, playwright — should be our inspiration today.” —John Bolton, business imaginist 

“In some parts of Asia, more and more people are adopting Western names for convenience. If we don’t put in the effort to learn the names from other cultures today, will we still see traditionally meaningful names in the next generation?”  —Cynthia Win, name decoder 

“When professional footballers transfer teams, their original team receives a fee. What if companies did the same thing with employees?” —Yusuf Nurbhai, management innovator

“I started off studying to be a doctor. Then I became a poet. Poetry is a less quantifiable way of saving lives.” —Harry Baker, slam poet